|
George Bogdanovich Kistiakowsky (November 18, 1900 – December 7, 1982) ((ウクライナ語:Георгій Богданович Кістяківський),(ロシア語:Георгий Богданович Кистяковский)) was a Ukrainian-American physical chemistry professor at Harvard who participated in the Manhattan Project and later served as President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Science Advisor. Born in Kiev in the old Russian Empire, Kistiakowsky fled his homeland during the Russian Civil War. He made his way to Germany, where he earned his PhD in physical chemistry under the supervision of Max Bodenstein at the University of Berlin. He emigrated to the United States in 1926, where he joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1930, and became a citizen in 1933. During World War II, Kistiakowsky was the head of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) section responsible for the development of explosives, and the technical director of the Explosives Research Laboratory (ERL), where he oversaw the development of new explosives, including RDX and HMX. He was involved in research into the hydrodynamic theory of explosions, and the development of shaped charges. In October 1943, he was brought into the Manhattan Project as a consultant. He was soon placed in charge of X Division, which was responsible for the development of the explosive lenses necessary for an implosion-type nuclear weapon. In July 1945, he watched as the first one was detonated in the Trinity test. A few weeks later another Fat Man implosion-type weapon was dropped on Nagasaki. From 1962 to 1965, Kistiakowsky chaired the National Academy of Sciences's Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP), and was its vice president from 1965 to 1973. He severed his connections with the government in protest against the war in Vietnam, and became active in an antiwar organization, the Council for a Livable World, becoming its chairman in 1977. == Early life == George Bogdanovich Kistiakowsky was born in Kiev, in the Kiev Governorate of the Russian Empire (now part of Ukraine), on November 18, 1900. George's grandfather Oleksandr Fedorovych Kistiakovsky was a professor of law and an attorney of the Russian Empire who specialized in criminal law. His father Bogdan Kistiakovsky was Professor of Legal Philosophy at the University of Kiev, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in 1919. Kistiakowsky's mother was Maria Berendshtam, and he had a brother, Alexander. George's uncle Ihor Kistiakovsky was the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State. Kistiakowsky attended private schools in Kiev and Moscow until the Russian Revolution broke out in 1917. He then joined the anti-Communist White Army. In 1920 he escaped from Russia in a commandeered French ship. After spending time in Turkey and Yugoslavia, he made his way to Germany, where he enrolled at the University of Berlin later that year. In 1925, he earned his PhD in physical chemistry under the supervision of Max Bodenstein, writing his thesis on the photochemical decomposition of chlorine monoxide and ozone. He then became Bodenstein's graduate assistant.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Kistiakowsky, George B. (George Bogdan), 1900– Papers of George B. Kistiakowsky : an inventory )〕 His first two published papers were elaborations of his thesis, co-written with Bodenstein. In 1926, Kistiakowsky traveled to the United States as an International Education Board fellow. Hugh Stott Taylor, another student of Bodenstein,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Chemistry Tree — Max Ernst August Bodenstein Family Tree )〕 accepted Bodenstein's assessment of Kistiakowsky, and gave him a place at Princeton University. That year, Kistiakowsky married a Swedish woman, Hildegard Moebius. In 1928, they had a daughter, Vera, who later became a Professor Emerita of Physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Vera Kistiakowsky )〕 When Kistiakowsky's two-year fellowship ran out in 1927, he received a Research Associate and DuPont Fellowship. On October 25, 1928, he became an associate professor at Princeton.〔 Taylor and Kistiakowsky published a series of papers together. Encouraged by Taylor, Kistiakowsky also published a American Chemical Society monograph on photochemical processes. In 1930, Kistiakowsky joined the faculty of Harvard University, an affiliation that continued throughout his career. At Harvard, his research interests were in thermodynamics, spectroscopy, and chemical kinetics. He became increasingly involved in consulting for the government and industry. He became an associate professor again, this time at Harvard in 1933. That year he also became an American citizen. In 1938, he became the Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Chemistry. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「George Kistiakowsky」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|